Hassan Mansour, an economist, said the central bank does not have an effective tool to deal with economic shocks due to limited access to foreign-exchange resources, and that a significant portion of the Islamic Republic’s foreign-exchange revenues is transferred through informal networks.

He added that the emphasis by officials of the Islamic Republic on planning for the durability of sanctions shows that the government does not have a perspective for exiting the economic crisis, and that Iranians pay the cost.